A parent-oriented approach to rapid toilet training
Keywords:
Autism, Rapid toilet training, Social validity, Challenging behaviorAbstract
The current evaluation assessed the effectiveness of a rapid toilet training procedure for three young males with autism. The evaluation extended the research on rapid toilet training procedures by assessing parents’ preference to include two common toilet training components, a urine alarm and positive practice. In addition, we assessed child challenging behaviors during intervention. All parent participants’ elected not to use the urine alarm, and one parent elected to discontinue the implementation of positive practice techniques. All child participants engaged in challenging behavior with the initiation of toilet training. The toileting intervention was successful as all three participants increased successful self-initiations for the toilet and decreased accidents across home and clinic settings. All parents provided favorable social validity ratings of the treatment. Findings suggest that clinicians should partner with parents to develop individualized toileting interventions that are appropriate and effective.
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References
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Bakker, E., Van Gool, J. D., Van Sprundel, M., Van Der Auwera, C., & Wyndaele, J. J. (2002). Results of a questionnaire evaluating the effects of different methods of toilet training on achieving bladder control. BJU international, 90, 456-461.
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Bates, J. E. (1975). Effects of a child's imitation versus nonimitation on adults' verbal and nonverbal positivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 840-851. doi:10.1037/h0076677
Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2014). Professional and ethical compliance code for behavior analysts. Retrieved from http://www. bacb.com/Downloadfiles//BACB_Compliance_Code.pdf.
Carey, R. G., & Bucher, B. (1983). Positive practice overcorrection: The effects of duration of positive practice on acquisition and response reduction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16, 101-109. doi:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-101
Cicero, F. R., & Pfadt, A. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 319-331. doi:10.1016/S0891-4222(02)00136-1
DeLeon, I. G., & Iwata, B. A. (1996). Evaluation of a multiple-stimulus presentation format for assessing reinforcer preferences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 519–533. doi:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-519
Didden, R., Sikkema, S. P. E., Bosman, I. T. M., Duker, P. C., & Curfs, L. M. G. (2001). Use of a modified Azrin-Foxx toilet training procedure with individuals with Angelman syndrome. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 14, 64-70. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3148.2001.00047.x
Fawcett, S. B. (1991). Some values guiding community research and action. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 621–636
Foxx, R. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1973). Toilet training the retarded: A rapid program for day and nighttime independent toileting. Champaign, IL, US: Research Press.
Greer, B. D., Neidert, P. L., & Dozier, C. L. (2015). A component analysis of toilet‐training procedures recommended for young children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49, 69-84. doi: 10.1002/jaba.275
Gresham, F. M. (1996). Treatment integrity in single-subject research.
Kelly, M. L., Heffer, R. W., Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1989). Development of a modified treatment evaluation inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 11, 235-247. 235. doi:10.1007/BF00960495
Kircaali-İftar, G., Ülke-Kϋrkҫϋoğlu, B., Ҫetin, Ӧ, & Ünlϋ, E. (2009). Intensive daytime toilet training of two children with autism: Implementing and monitoring systematically guarantees success! International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 1, 117-126. Retrieved from http://www.int-jecse.net/
Kroeger, K. A., & Sorensen-Burnworth, R. (2009). Toilet training individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities: A critical review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 607-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.005
LeBlanc, L. A., Carr, J. E., Crossett, S. E., Bennett, C. M., & Detweiler, D. D. (2005). Intensive outpatient behavioral treatment of primary urinary incontinence of children with autism. Focus on Autism and other Developmental Disabilities, 20, 98-105. doi: 10.1177/10883576050200020601
Matson, J. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (1977). Issues in toilet training normal children. Behavior Therapy, 8, 549-553. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(77)80184-6
Post, A. R., & Kirkpatrick, M. D. (2004). Toilet training for a young boy with pervasive developmental disorder. Behavioral Interventions, 19, 45-50. doi: 10.1002/bin.149
Schum, T. R., Kolb, T. M., McAuliffe, T. L., Simms, M. D., Underhill, R. L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Sequential acquisition of toilet-training skills: a descriptive study of gender and age differences in normal children. Pediatrics, 109, e48-e48. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.3.e48
Simon, J. L., Thompson, R. H. (2006). The effects of undergarment type on the urinary continence of toddlers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39, 362-368. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2006.124-05taylor
Tarbox, R. S., Williams, W. L., & Friman, P. C. (2004). Extended diaper wearing: effects on continence in and out of the diaper. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37, 97–100. http://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2004.37-97
William, G., Oliver, J. M., Allard, A., & Sears, L. (2003). Autism and associated medical and familial factors: A case control study. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 15, 335-349. doi:10.1023/A:1026310216069
Wolf, M. M. (1978). Social validity: the case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 203–214.
Bakker, E., Van Gool, J. D., Van Sprundel, M., Van Der Auwera, C., & Wyndaele, J. J. (2002). Results of a questionnaire evaluating the effects of different methods of toilet training on achieving bladder control. BJU international, 90, 456-461.
Barone, J. G., Jasutkar, N., & Schneider, D. (2009). Later toilet training is associated with urge incontinence in children. Journal of Pediatric Urology, 5, 458-461. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2009.05.012
Bates, J. E. (1975). Effects of a child's imitation versus nonimitation on adults' verbal and nonverbal positivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 840-851. doi:10.1037/h0076677
Behavior Analyst Certification Board. (2014). Professional and ethical compliance code for behavior analysts. Retrieved from http://www. bacb.com/Downloadfiles//BACB_Compliance_Code.pdf.
Carey, R. G., & Bucher, B. (1983). Positive practice overcorrection: The effects of duration of positive practice on acquisition and response reduction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 16, 101-109. doi:10.1901/jaba.1983.16-101
Cicero, F. R., & Pfadt, A. (2002). Investigation of a reinforcement-based toilet training procedure for children with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 23, 319-331. doi:10.1016/S0891-4222(02)00136-1
DeLeon, I. G., & Iwata, B. A. (1996). Evaluation of a multiple-stimulus presentation format for assessing reinforcer preferences. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 29, 519–533. doi:10.1901/jaba.1996.29-519
Didden, R., Sikkema, S. P. E., Bosman, I. T. M., Duker, P. C., & Curfs, L. M. G. (2001). Use of a modified Azrin-Foxx toilet training procedure with individuals with Angelman syndrome. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 14, 64-70. doi:10.1046/j.1468-3148.2001.00047.x
Fawcett, S. B. (1991). Some values guiding community research and action. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24, 621–636
Foxx, R. M., & Azrin, N. H. (1973). Toilet training the retarded: A rapid program for day and nighttime independent toileting. Champaign, IL, US: Research Press.
Greer, B. D., Neidert, P. L., & Dozier, C. L. (2015). A component analysis of toilet‐training procedures recommended for young children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 49, 69-84. doi: 10.1002/jaba.275
Gresham, F. M. (1996). Treatment integrity in single-subject research.
Kelly, M. L., Heffer, R. W., Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1989). Development of a modified treatment evaluation inventory. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 11, 235-247. 235. doi:10.1007/BF00960495
Kircaali-İftar, G., Ülke-Kϋrkҫϋoğlu, B., Ҫetin, Ӧ, & Ünlϋ, E. (2009). Intensive daytime toilet training of two children with autism: Implementing and monitoring systematically guarantees success! International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 1, 117-126. Retrieved from http://www.int-jecse.net/
Kroeger, K. A., & Sorensen-Burnworth, R. (2009). Toilet training individuals with autism and other developmental disabilities: A critical review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 3, 607-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2009.01.005
LeBlanc, L. A., Carr, J. E., Crossett, S. E., Bennett, C. M., & Detweiler, D. D. (2005). Intensive outpatient behavioral treatment of primary urinary incontinence of children with autism. Focus on Autism and other Developmental Disabilities, 20, 98-105. doi: 10.1177/10883576050200020601
Matson, J. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (1977). Issues in toilet training normal children. Behavior Therapy, 8, 549-553. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(77)80184-6
Post, A. R., & Kirkpatrick, M. D. (2004). Toilet training for a young boy with pervasive developmental disorder. Behavioral Interventions, 19, 45-50. doi: 10.1002/bin.149
Schum, T. R., Kolb, T. M., McAuliffe, T. L., Simms, M. D., Underhill, R. L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Sequential acquisition of toilet-training skills: a descriptive study of gender and age differences in normal children. Pediatrics, 109, e48-e48. doi: 10.1542/peds.109.3.e48
Simon, J. L., Thompson, R. H. (2006). The effects of undergarment type on the urinary continence of toddlers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 39, 362-368. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2006.124-05taylor
Tarbox, R. S., Williams, W. L., & Friman, P. C. (2004). Extended diaper wearing: effects on continence in and out of the diaper. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 37, 97–100. http://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2004.37-97
William, G., Oliver, J. M., Allard, A., & Sears, L. (2003). Autism and associated medical and familial factors: A case control study. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 15, 335-349. doi:10.1023/A:1026310216069
Wolf, M. M. (1978). Social validity: the case for subjective measurement or how applied behavior analysis is finding its heart. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 11(2), 203–214.
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Published
2017-08-23
How to Cite
Doan, D., & Toussaint, K. A. (2017). A parent-oriented approach to rapid toilet training. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 9(2), 473–486. Retrieved from https://www.iejee.com/index.php/IEJEE/article/view/170
