School-Based Social Skills Programming to Increase Employment for Individuals with ASD
Keywords:
autism spectrum disorder, social skills, employment, school-based programming, soft skillsAbstract
There is an increased number of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder who are reaching the age where they should be entering the workforce, however, 50-70% are unemployed and these percentages are higher than any other disability group. Although school-based programming attempts to prepare students to transition into the workplace, current literature suggests there are additional social skills that need to be addressed for successful employment and job retention. The purpose of this analysis and interpretation of the literature was to identify soft skills needed for successful employment and ways in which school-based programming can address these skills. Suggestions related to the types of social skills to address, and how social skills for vocational settings should be taught, are provided.
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References
Autism Focused Intervention Resources & Modules (n.d.) AFIRM modules.
https://afirm.fpg.unc.edu/afirm-modules
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
Bellini, S., & Peters, J. K. (2008). Social skills training for youth with autism spectrum disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(4), 857-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.008
Bellini, S., Peters, J. K., Benner, L., & Hopf, A. (2007). A meta-analysis of school-based social skills interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Remedial and Special Education, 28(3), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325070280030401
Bernard-Ripoll, S. (2007). Using a self-as model video combined with social stories to help a child with Asperger syndrome understand emotions. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(2), 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576070220020101
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Chappel, S. L., & Somers, B. C. (2010). Employing persons with autism spectrum disorders: A collaborative effort. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 117-124. Doi:10.3233/JVR-2010-0501
Colorado Department of Education (2017). Social skills [Brochure]. Retrieved from: https://www.cde.state.co.us/cdesped/ta_socialskills
Digennaro‐Reed, F. D., Codding, R., Catania, C. N., & Maguire, H. (2010). Effects of video modeling on treatment integrity of behavioral interventions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43(2), 291-295. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-291
Hedley, D., Cai, R., Ulijarevic, M., Wilmot, M., Spoor. J. R., Richdale, A., & Dissanayake, C. (2018). Transition to work: Perspectives from the autism spectrum. Autism, 22, 528-541. doi: 10.1177/1362361316687697
Helt, M., Kelley, E. A., Kinsbourne, M., Pandey, J., Boorstein, H., Herbert, M. R., & Fein, D. (2009). Can children with autism recover? If so, how?, Neuropsychology Review, 8(4), 339-366. doi: 10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9
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Landa, R. J., & Goldberg, M. C. (2005). Language, social, and executive functions in high functioning Autism: A continuum of performance. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(5), 557-573. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0001-1
Lee, E. A. L., Black, M. H., Tan, T., Falkmer, T., & Girdler, S. (2019). “I’m destine to ace this”: Work experience placement during high school for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 3089-3101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04024-x
Migliore, A., Timmons, J., Butterworth, J., & Lugas, J. (2012). Predictors of employment and postsecondary education of youth with autism. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 55(3), 176-84.
Muir, C. (2004). Learning soft skills at work: An interview with Annalee Luhamn. Business Communication Quarterly, 67(1), 95-101. Doi: 10.1177/1080569903261973
Muller, E., Schuler, A., Burton, B. A., & Yates, G. B. (2003). Meeting the vocational support needs of individuals with Asperger syndrome and other autism spectrum disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 8(3), 163-175. doi: 10.1002/cl2.75
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Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P. T., Cooper, B. P., Anderson, K. A., Wagner, M., & Narendorf, S. C. (2013). Postsecondary employment experiences among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder RH: Employment in young adults with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(9), 931-939. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.019.
Ryan, T. G., & Marshall, J. (2018). Pedagogical preparedness: Understanding executive functioning and high functioning autism. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 2, 91-101.
Sam, A. M., Kucharczyk, S., & Waters, V. (2017). Online tools to support the delivery of evidence-based practices for learners with ASD. Teaching Exceptional Children, 50(3), 141-152. doi.org/10.1177/0040059917745654
Scott, M., Falkmer, M., Girdler, S., Falkmer, T. (2015). Viewpoints on factors for successful employment for adults with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS ON, 10, e0139281. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139281
Shattuck, P. T., Seltzer, M.M., Greenberg, J.S., Orsmond, G. I., Bold, D., Kring, S., Lounds, J., & Lord, C. (2007). Change in autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors in adolescents and adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 37, 1735-1747. doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0307-7
Shogren, K. A., & Wittenburg, D. (2020). Improving outcomes of transition-age youth with disabilities: A life course perspective. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 43(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165143419887853
Strickland, D. C., Coles, C. D., & Southern, L. B. (2013). JobTIPS: A transition to employment program for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(10), 2472-2483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1800-4
Sung, C., Connor, A., Chen, J., Lin, C. C., Kuo, H. J., & Chun, J. (2019). Development, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an employment-related social skills intervention for young adults with high-functioning autism. Autism, 23(6), 1542-1553. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318801345
Walsh, E., Holloway, J., & Lydon, H. (2018). An evaluation of a social skills intervention for adults with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities preparing for employment in Ireland: a pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1727-1741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3441-5
Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., ... & Schultz, T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 1951-1966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z
https://afirm.fpg.unc.edu/afirm-modules
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
Bellini, S., & Peters, J. K. (2008). Social skills training for youth with autism spectrum disorders. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(4), 857-873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2008.06.008
Bellini, S., Peters, J. K., Benner, L., & Hopf, A. (2007). A meta-analysis of school-based social skills interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Remedial and Special Education, 28(3), 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1177/07419325070280030401
Bernard-Ripoll, S. (2007). Using a self-as model video combined with social stories to help a child with Asperger syndrome understand emotions. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 22(2), 100-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576070220020101
Boggs Center on Developmental Disabilities. (2020). Community Based Instruction [Brochure]. Retrieved from: https://rwjms.rutgers.edu/boggscenter/training/CBI.html
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) [Labor force statistics from the current population survey on the Internet]. Washington DC: [updated 2020 October; cited 2020 November]. Available from: www.bls.gov
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Prevalence and characteristics of autism
spectrum disorder among children aged 8-years: Autism and developmental disabilities
monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2012. Surveillance Summaries, 65, 1-23.
Chappel, S. L., & Somers, B. C. (2010). Employing persons with autism spectrum disorders: A collaborative effort. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 117-124. Doi:10.3233/JVR-2010-0501
Colorado Department of Education (2017). Social skills [Brochure]. Retrieved from: https://www.cde.state.co.us/cdesped/ta_socialskills
Digennaro‐Reed, F. D., Codding, R., Catania, C. N., & Maguire, H. (2010). Effects of video modeling on treatment integrity of behavioral interventions. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43(2), 291-295. doi: 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-291
Hedley, D., Cai, R., Ulijarevic, M., Wilmot, M., Spoor. J. R., Richdale, A., & Dissanayake, C. (2018). Transition to work: Perspectives from the autism spectrum. Autism, 22, 528-541. doi: 10.1177/1362361316687697
Helt, M., Kelley, E. A., Kinsbourne, M., Pandey, J., Boorstein, H., Herbert, M. R., & Fein, D. (2009). Can children with autism recover? If so, how?, Neuropsychology Review, 8(4), 339-366. doi: 10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9
Hendricks, D. (2010). Employment and adults with autism spectrum disorders: Challenges and strategies for success. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 32(2), 125-134. Doi:10.3233/JVR-2010-0502
Holwerda, A., van der Klink, J. J., Groothoff, J. W., Brouwer, S. (2012). Predictors for work participation in individuals with an autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 22, 333-52. doi: 10.1007/s10926-011-9347-8
Hurlbutt, K., & Chalmers, L. (2004). Employment and adults with Asperger syndrome. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 19(4), 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576040190040301
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq. (1975, as amended, 1997).
Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee (2017). IACC Strategic plan for autism spectrum disorder research. [Online]. Available at https://iacc.hhs.gov/publications/strategic-plan/2017/strategic_plan_2017.pdf. [Accessed 27 November 2020].
IRIS Center (n.d.) Iris Center Resource Locator. https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/resources/iris-resource-locator/
Julian, A., & Barron, R. (2019). Employees with asperger’s syndrome and their experiences within the work environment. DBS Business Review, 3, 30-48. doi: 10.22375/dbr.v3i0.58
Landa, R. J., & Goldberg, M. C. (2005). Language, social, and executive functions in high functioning Autism: A continuum of performance. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35(5), 557-573. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-0001-1
Lee, E. A. L., Black, M. H., Tan, T., Falkmer, T., & Girdler, S. (2019). “I’m destine to ace this”: Work experience placement during high school for individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 3089-3101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04024-x
Migliore, A., Timmons, J., Butterworth, J., & Lugas, J. (2012). Predictors of employment and postsecondary education of youth with autism. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 55(3), 176-84.
Muir, C. (2004). Learning soft skills at work: An interview with Annalee Luhamn. Business Communication Quarterly, 67(1), 95-101. Doi: 10.1177/1080569903261973
Muller, E., Schuler, A., Burton, B. A., & Yates, G. B. (2003). Meeting the vocational support needs of individuals with Asperger syndrome and other autism spectrum disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 8(3), 163-175. doi: 10.1002/cl2.75
National Collaboration on Workforce Development (2016). Guideposts for success [Brochure]. Retrieved from: http://www.ncwd-youth.info/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Guideposts-for-Success-English-Print-Quality-1.pdf
National Collaboration on Workforce Development (2011). Helping youth develop soft skills for job success: Tips for parents and families [Brochure]. Retrieved from: http://www.ncwd-youth.info/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/infobrief_issue28_0.pdf
National Professional Development Center on Autism Spectrum Disorder. (2016). Matrix of Evidence-based Practices by Outcome and Age [Brochure]. Retrieved from: https://autismpdc.fpg.unc.edu/implementation
Ohio Center for Autism and Low Incidence Disabilities (n.d.) Autism internet modules. https://autisminternetmodules.org/
Rao, P. A., Beidel, D. C., & Murray, M. J. (2008). Social skills interventions for children with asperger’s syndrome or high-functioning autism: A review and recommendations. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(2), 353- 361. Doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0402-4
Roux, A. M., Shattuck, P. T., Cooper, B. P., Anderson, K. A., Wagner, M., & Narendorf, S. C. (2013). Postsecondary employment experiences among young adults with an autism spectrum disorder RH: Employment in young adults with autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(9), 931-939. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.019.
Ryan, T. G., & Marshall, J. (2018). Pedagogical preparedness: Understanding executive functioning and high functioning autism. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 2, 91-101.
Sam, A. M., Kucharczyk, S., & Waters, V. (2017). Online tools to support the delivery of evidence-based practices for learners with ASD. Teaching Exceptional Children, 50(3), 141-152. doi.org/10.1177/0040059917745654
Scott, M., Falkmer, M., Girdler, S., Falkmer, T. (2015). Viewpoints on factors for successful employment for adults with autism spectrum disorder. PLoS ON, 10, e0139281. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139281
Shattuck, P. T., Seltzer, M.M., Greenberg, J.S., Orsmond, G. I., Bold, D., Kring, S., Lounds, J., & Lord, C. (2007). Change in autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors in adolescents and adults with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 37, 1735-1747. doi: 10.1007/s10803-006-0307-7
Shogren, K. A., & Wittenburg, D. (2020). Improving outcomes of transition-age youth with disabilities: A life course perspective. Career Development and Transition for Exceptional Individuals, 43(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165143419887853
Strickland, D. C., Coles, C. D., & Southern, L. B. (2013). JobTIPS: A transition to employment program for individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(10), 2472-2483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1800-4
Sung, C., Connor, A., Chen, J., Lin, C. C., Kuo, H. J., & Chun, J. (2019). Development, feasibility, and preliminary efficacy of an employment-related social skills intervention for young adults with high-functioning autism. Autism, 23(6), 1542-1553. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318801345
Walsh, E., Holloway, J., & Lydon, H. (2018). An evaluation of a social skills intervention for adults with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities preparing for employment in Ireland: a pilot study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1727-1741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3441-5
Wong, C., Odom, S. L., Hume, K. A., Cox, A. W., Fettig, A., Kucharczyk, S., ... & Schultz, T. R. (2015). Evidence-based practices for children, youth, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 1951-1966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2351-z
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Published
2021-03-09
How to Cite
Lauderdale Littin, S., & Haspel, M. . (2021). School-Based Social Skills Programming to Increase Employment for Individuals with ASD. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 13(3). Retrieved from https://www.iejee.com/index.php/IEJEE/article/view/1387
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